The former player: 'I really wanted to continue playing'
Important note: This article includes descriptions of discriminatory language and conduct
FormerEngland centre Luther Burrell states that speaking out to expose racism in professional rugby led his career to an early conclusion.
In a June 2022, Burrell described racism as being "rife" in the game, displaying digital communications and remembering training ground "comments" he had been exposed to while playing for Newcastle.
Then 34 and without a team, Burrell's only elite playing since has been a handful of games with invitational side the Barbarians.
"I have definitely had to retire because of what went on," he told reporters.
"I wanted to carry on playing, of course I did. I pursued that, and it collapsed when word emerged that there were investigations underway.
"This situation was difficult - I had to just accept the fate and understand that this entire situation is a lot bigger than me."
A sports organization investigation in 2023 found Burrell's claims were true "likely correct", but said it could not collect sufficient evidence to definitively say they happened at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell started all of England's international games in 2014-15, but was controversially excluded for their squad for the 2015 World Cup
Burrell told journalists he also faced discrimination within the England set-up, during a international career that saw him win 15 caps after his first game in February 2014.
"I have had several traumatic experiences within England camp," he said.
"Certain instances of discrimination and other just outdated thinking that's really inappropriate."
Racism had become normalised in dressing rooms, in Burrell's view.
"It's something that has been dressed up as humour and that's been the issue that I've myself experienced and witnessed," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican heritage.
"During a period of time you just learn to think that it's the standard and that is acceptable and that it's not malicious, but that's incorrect."
Burrell explains he was eventually spurred to go public after a team-mate at Newcastle referred to him as a "enslaved person" and told him to put sun cream on his wrists and ankles "where your shackles were."
The governing body said Burrell's revelations had led to "a deeper look at the culture within the professional level and to the introduction of an strategy for the professional game."
"The organization has placed significant focus on diversity and inclusion in the sport and a substantial amount of work undertaken both prior and after Luther Burrell spoke publicly and revealed his experiences of racism and class discrimination," it continued.
"The organization are continuing work with clubs and partners in the elite level to work for a culture of inclusivity but recognize this requires patience and is an continuous effort."
All Prem and PWR club now has face-to-face training on building inclusive environments, with its effectiveness monitored via individual reports and feedback.
All England players, including age-grade squads, are educated in being "engaged observers" to step in and protect others from damaging conduct.
"You should be so proud of what you have done," Burrell's mother Joyce said to him as part of the film Luther Burrell - Rugby, Racism and Redemption.
"I know it has had this impact on you and finished your career, but in our eyes, you have done so much. We are so proud of you and to have you as a family member."
Burrell's father Geoff died soon after the production of the film, and his sister passed away earlier this year.
Burrell, who was raised on a social housing in his hometown, continues his work to make the sport more open.
His charitable organization works to connect with children in under-served communities and support them succeed both on the field with complimentary sports training, guidance and nutrition education.
"My motivations are pure, I want to see the evolution of the sport and if nobody else is willing to share their story then I'll continue to fight that cause because I'm not just pursuing this for myself," he said.
"Everyone involved have an responsibility to make the game as excellent as it can be and the more I talk about it perhaps the more confident others will feel about sharing their own experiences as well.
"I need to grab the challenge by the opportunity and continue carrying this banner and keep supporting this weight and accomplish what I can to develop opportunities and make the sport more appealing and more welcoming.
"There are a lot of underprivileged children and a lot of poverty and I sincerely think that rugby has the ability to transform their futures, just as it did for me."
Burrell scored a try for the Barbarians on a return to former club Northampton in late 2022